VIRUSMYTH HOMEPAGE


TABLE 6

Drug diseases diagnosed before the AIDS era, and in HIV-free addicts

Disease Drugs used (1) References AIDS defining
immunodeficiency C, H, N, A (Achard et al., 1909; Terry and Pellens, 1928; Briggs et al., 1967; Sapira, 1968; Harris and Garret, 1972; Geller and Stimmel, 1973; Pillari and Narus, 1973; Brown et al., 1974; Louria, 1974; McDonough et al., 1980; Gottlieb et al., 1981; Jaffe et al., 1983; Tubaro et al., 1983; Layon et al., 1984; Culver et al., 1987; Donahoe et al., 1987; Haverkos and Dougherty, 1988b; Selwyn et al., 1988; Novick et al., 1989; Mientjes et al., 1991; Pillai et al., 1991; Larrat and Zierler, 1993; Mientjes et al., 1993; Sadownick, 1994; Brettle, 1996)
YES
Kaposi’s sarcoma N (Jaffe et al., 1983; Haverkos et al., 1985; Haverkos, 1988; Haverkos and Dougherty, 1988a; Archer et al., 1989; Friedman-Kien et al., 1990; Marquart et al., 1991)
YES
candidiasis C, H (Pillari and Narus, 1973; Stoneburner et al., 1988; Rogers et al., 1989)
YES
pneumonia C, H, N (Gottlieb et al., 1981; Jaffe et al., 1983; Selwyn et al., 1988; Stoneburner et al., 1988; Ettinger and Albin, 1989; Mientjes et al., 1993; Hayes et al., 1994; Brettle, 1996)
YES
lymphadenopathy C, H (Geller and Stimmel, 1973; Pillari and Narus, 1973; Espinoza et al., 1987; Des Jarlais et al., 1988; Brettle, 1996)
YES
tuberculosis C, H (Firooznia et al., 1973; Courtwright, 1982; Layon et al., 1984; Stoneburner et al., 1988; Braun et al., 1989; Brudney and Dobkin, 1991; Hayes et al., 1994)
YES
weight loss C, H (Pillari and Narus, 1973; Des Jarlais et al., 1988; Brettle, 1996)
YES
dementia/
encephalopathy
C, H (Stoneburner et al., 1988; Koch, 1990; Aylward et al., 1992; Larrat and Zierler, 1993; Hayes et al., 1994; Brettle, 1996)
YES
diarrhea C, H (Des Jarlais et al., 1988; Muñoz et al., 1992; Brettle, 1996)
YES
fever C, H (Des Jarlais et al., 1988; Ettinger and Albin, 1989; Brettle, 1996)
YES
spontaneous abortion,
premature birth,
congenital abnormalities
C, H (Fricker and Segal, 1978; Lifschitz et al., 1983; Alroomi et al., 1988; Rogers et al., 1989; Toufexis, 1991; Finnegan et al., 1992; Larrat and Zierler, 1993)
YES
night sweats C, H (Des Jarlais et al., 1988; Brettle, 1996)  
impotence C, H (Larrat and Zierler, 1993; Brettle, 1996)  
severe atherosclerosis A (Wilson et al., 1996)  
tooth loss/caries C, H (Pillari and Narus, 1973)  
dermatitis C, H (Pillari and Narus, 1973; Brettle, 1996)  
hepatitis C, H (Dismukes et al., 1968; Pillari and Narus, 1973; Layon et al., 1984)  
epileptic seizures C, H (Brettle, 1996)  
endocarditis C, H (Layon et al., 1984; Stoneburner et al., 1988; Mientjes et al., 1993; Brettle, 1996)  
bronchitis C, H (Ettinger and Albin, 1989; Lerner, 1989; Brettle, 1996)  

1. A, amphetamines; C, cocaine; H, heroin; N, nitrites.



References

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Alroomi, L. G., Davidson, J., Evans, T. J., Galea, P. and Howat, R. (1988) Maternal narcotic abuse and the newborn. Arch. Dis. Child. 63: 81-83.

Archer, C. B., Spittle, M. F. and Smith, N. P. (1989) Kaposi’s sarcoma in a homosexual—10 years on. Clin. Exper. Dermatol. 14: 233-236.

Aylward, E. H., Butz, A. M., Hutton, N., Joyner, M. L. and Vogelhut, J. W. (1992) Cognitive and motor development in infants at risk for human immunodeficiency virus. Am. J. Dis. Child. 146: 218-222.

Braun, M. M., Truman, B. I., Maguire, B., Di Ferdinando, G. T., Jr., Wormser, G., Broaddus, R. and Morse, D. L. (1989) Increasing incidence of tuberculosis in a prison inmate population, associated with HIV-infection. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 261: 393-397.

Brettle, R. P. (1996) Clinical features of drug use and drug use related to HIV. Int. J. STD & AIDS 7: 151-165.

Briggs, J. H., McKerron, C. G., Souhami, R. L., Taylor, D. J. E. and Andrews, H. (1967) Severe systemic infections complicating mainline heroin addiction. Lancet ii: 1227-1231.

Brown, S. M., Stimmel, B., Taub, R. N., Kochwa, S. and Rosenfield, R. E. (1974) Immunologic dysfunction in heroin addicts. Arch. Intern. Med. 134: 1001-1006.

Brudney, K. and Dobkin, J. (1991) Resurgent tuberculosis in New York City. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 144: 744-749.

Courtwright, D. T. (1982) Dark Paradise: opiate addiction in America before 1940. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Culver, K. W., Ammann, A. J., Patridge, J. C., Wong, D. F., Wara, D. W. and Cowan, M. J. (1987) Lymphocyte abnormalities in infants born to drug-abusing mothers. J. Pediatr. 111: 230-235.

Des Jarlais, D. C., Friedman, S. R. and Hopkins, W. (1988) Risk reduction of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among intravenous drug users. In: AIDS and IV Drug Abusers: Current Perspectives, pp. 97-109, Galea, R. P., Lewis, B. F. and Baker, L. (eds.) National Health Publishing, Owings Mills, MD.

Dismukes, W. E., Karchmer, A. W., Johnson, R. F. and Dougherty, W. J. (1968) Viral hepatitis associated with illicit parenteral use of drugs. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 206: 1048-1052.

Donahoe, R. M., Bueso-Ramos, C., Donahoe, F., Madden, J. J., Falek, A., Nicholson, J. K. A. and Bokos, P. (1987) Mechanistic implications of the findings that opiates and other drugs of abuse moderate T-cell surface receptors and antigenic markers. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 496: 711-721.

Espinoza, P., Bouchard, I., Buffet, C., Thiers, V., Pillot, J. and Etienne, J. P. (1987) High prevalence of infection by hepatitis B virus and HIV in incarcerated French drug addicts. Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique 11: 288-292.

Ettinger, N. A. and Albin, R. J. (1989) A review of the respiratory effects of smoking cocaine. Am. J. Med. 87: 664-668.

Finnegan, L. P., Mellot, J. M., Williams, L. R. and Wapner, R. J. (1992) Perinatal exposure to cocaine: Human studies. In: Cocaine: Pharmacology, Physiology and Clinical Strategies, pp. 391-409, Lakoski, J. M., Galloway, M. P. and White, F. J. (eds.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Firooznia, H., Seliger, G., Abrams, R. M. and et al. (1973) Disseminated extrapulmonary tuberculosis in association with heroin addiction. Radiology 109: 291-296.

Fricker, H. S. and Segal, S. (1978) Narcotic addiction, pregnancy, and the newborn. Am. J. Dis. Child. 132: 360-366.

Friedman-Kien, A. E., Saltzman, B. R., Cao, Y., Nestor, M. S., Mirabile, M., Li, J. J. and Peterman, T. A. (1990) Kaposi’s sarcoma in HIV-negative homosexual men. Lancet 335: 168-169.

Geller, S. A. and Stimmel, B. (1973) Diagnostic confusion from lymphatic lesions in heroin addicts. Ann. Intern. Med. 78: 703-705.

Gottlieb, M. S., Schanker, H. M., Fan, P. T., Saxon, A., Weisman, J. D. and Pozalski, J. (1981) Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports 30: 250-252.

Harris, P. D. and Garret, R. (1972) Susceptibility of addicts to infection and neoplasia. New. Engl. J. Med. 287: 310.

Haverkos, H. W. (1988) Kaposi’s sarcoma and nitrite inhalants. In: Psychological, Neuropsychiatric and Substance Abuse Aspects of AIDS, pp. 165-172, Bridge, T. P., Heather, H. and Johnson, M. (eds.) Raven Press, New York.

Haverkos, H. W. and Dougherty, J. (1988a) Health hazards of nitrite inhalants. Am. J. Med. 84: 479-482.

Haverkos, H. W. and Dougherty, J. A. (eds) (1988b) Health Hazards of Nitrite Inhalants. 83, US. Dept. Health & Human Services, Washington, DC.

Haverkos, H. W., Pinsky, P. F., Drotman, D. P. and Bregman, D. J. (1985) Disease manifestation among homosexual men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a possible role of nitrites in Kaposi’s sarcoma. J. Sex. Trans. Dis. 12: 203-208.

Hayes, T., Altman, R., Akili-Obika, A., Buehler, J. W., Costa, S. J., Beil, J. K., Moore, L. G., Massey, J. W. and Williams, N. M. (1994) HIV-related deaths from selected infectious diseases among persons without AIDS in New Jersey. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 7: 1074-1078.

Jaffe, H. W., Choi, K., Thomas, P. A., Haverkos, H. W., Auerbach, D. M., Guinan, M. E., Rogers, M. F., Spira, T. J., Darrow, W. W., Kramer, M. A., Friedman, S. M., Monroe, J. M., Friedman-Kien, A. E., Laubenstein, L. J., Marmor, M., Safai, B., Dritz, S. K., Crispi, S. J., Fannin, S. L., Orkwis, J. P., Kelter, A., Rushing, W. R., Thacker, S. B. and Curran, J. W. (1983) National case-control study of Kaposi’s sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual men: Part 1, Epidemiologic results. Ann. Intern. Med. 99: 145-151.

Koch, T. (1990) Uninfected children of HIV-infected mothers may still suffer nervous problems. CDC AIDS Weekly July 30, p9.

Larrat, P. E. and Zierler, S. (1993) Entangled epidemics: cocaine use and HIV disease. J Psychoactive drugs 25: 207-221.

Layon, J., Idris, A., Warzynski, M., Sherer, R., Brauner, D., Patch, O., McCulley, D. and Orris, P. (1984) Altered T-lymphocyte subsets in hospitalized intravenous drug abusers. Arch. Intern. Med. 144: 1376-1380.

Lerner, W. D. (1989) Cocaine abuse and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: tale of two epidemics. Am. J. Med. 87: 661-663.

Lifschitz, M. H., Wilson, G. S., Smith, E. O. and Desmond, M. M. (1983) Fetal and postnatal growth of children born to narcotic-dependent women. J. Pediatr. 102: 686-691.

Louria, D. B. (1974) Infectious complications of nonalcoholic drug abuse. Annu. Rev. Med. 25: 219-231.

Marquart, K.-H., Engst, R. and Oehlschlaegel, G. (1991) An 8-year history of Kaposi’s sarcoma in an HIV-negative bisexual man. AIDS 5: 346-348.

McDonough, R. J., Madden, J. J., Falek, A., Shafer, D. A., Pline, M., Gordon, D., Bokof, P., Kuehnle, J. C. and Mandelson, J. (1980) Alteration of T and null lymphocyte frequencies in the peripheral blood of human opiate addicts: in vivo evidence of opiate receptor sites on T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 125: 2539-2543.

Mientjes, G. H., Miedema, F., van Ameijden, E. J., van den Hoek, A. A., Schellekens, P. T. A., Roos, M. T. and Coutinho, R. A. (1991) Frequent injecting impairs lymphocyte reactivity in HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug users. AIDS 5: 35-41.

Mientjes, G. H. C., van Ameijden, E. J. C., Weigel, H. M., van den Hoek, J. A. R. and Countinho, R. A. (1993) Clinical symptoms associated with seroconversion for HIV-1 among misusers of intravenous drugs: comparison with homosexual seroconverters and infected and non-infected intravenous drug misusers. Br. Med. J. 306: 371-373.

Muñoz, A., Vlahov, D., Solomon, L., Margolick, J. B., Bareta, J. C., Cohn, S., Astemborski, J. and Nelson, K. E. (1992) Prognostic indicators for development of AIDS among intranvenous drug users. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 5: 694-700.

Novick, D. M., Ochshorn, M., Ghali, V., Croxson, T. S., Mercer, W. D., Chiorazzi, N. and Kreek, M. J. (1989) Natural killer cell activity and lymphocyte subsets in parenteral heroin abusers and long-term methadone maintenance patients. The Journal of Pharmacologyt and Experimental Therapeutics 250: 606-610.

Pillai, R., Nair, B. S. and Watson, R. R. (1991) AIDS, drugs of abuse and the immune system: a complex immunotoxicological network. Arch. Toxicol. 65: 609-617.

Pillari, G. and Narus, J. (1973) Physical effects of heroin addiction. Am. J. Nursing 73: 2105-2109.

Rogers, M. F., Ou, C.-Y., Rayfield, M., Thomas, P. A., Schoenbaum, E. E., Abrams, E., Krasinski, K., Selwyn, P. A., Moore, J., Kaul, A., Grimm, K. T., Bamji, M., Schochetman, G., the New York City Collaborative Study of Maternal HIV Transmission and Montefiori Medical Center HIV Perinatal Transmission Study Group (1989) Use of the polymerase chain reaction for early detection of the proviral sequences of human immunodeficiency virus in infants born to seropositive mothers. N. Engl. J. Med. 320: 1649-1654.

Sadownick, D. (1994) Kneeling at the Crystal Cathedral. Genre December/January 1994, p40-45, 86-90.

Sapira, J. D. (1968) The narcotic addict as a medical patient. Am. J. Med. 45: 555-588.

Selwyn, P. A., Feingold, A. R., Hartel, D., Schoenbaum, E. E., Adderman, M. H., Klein, R. S. and Freidland, S. H. (1988) Increased risk of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected intravenous drug users without AIDS. AIDS 2: 267-272.

Stoneburner, R. L., Des Jarlais, D. C., Benezra, D., Gorelkin, L., Sotheran, J. L., Friedman, S. R., Schultz, S., Marmor, M., Mildvan, D. and Maslansky, R. (1988) A larger spectrum of severe HIV-I-related disease in intravenous drug users in New York City. Science 242: 916-919.

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Toufexis, A. (1991) Innocent victims. Time 137, p56-60.

Tubaro, E., Borelli, G., Croce, C., Cavallo, G. and Santiangeli, C. (1983) Effect of morphine on resistance to infection. J. Infect. Dis. 148: 656-666.

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VIRUSMYTH HOMEPAGE